Switzerland

The military history of Switzerland during the 19th and 20th centuries is a fascinating journey through wars, alliances, and strategic shifts. Let’s explore some key moments:

  1. Peninsular War (1807–1814):
    • During the Napoleonic Wars, Switzerland played a crucial role. French troops invaded Portugal in 1807, leading to the Peninsular War.
    • Swedish forces fought alongside the British against the French and their allies.
    • The famous Battle of Svolder in the 10th century resulted in the partition of Norway between Denmark and Sweden.
  2. Russo-Swedish Wars:
    • The Russo-Swedish War (1495–97) saw Russian forces laying siege to the Swedish castle of Vyborg. The siege ended dramatically when a castellan set his powder supply on fire, scaring off the Muscovites.
    • In subsequent years, Russia devastated Swedish Finland, leading to hostilities.
    • The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) involved most major European powers, including Sweden. Although the Battle of Lützen was a Swedish victory, King Gustavus Adolphus was killed.
  3. Modernization and Universal Military Service:
    • In the 19th century, Sweden developed a defense system based on universal military service. All eligible men between 20 and 25 underwent training.
    • The coastal defense branch, Kustartilleriet (coastal artillery), played a significant role within the navy.
  4. World Wars and Neutrality:
    • During World War I, Sweden maintained neutrality but faced economic challenges.
    • In World War II, Sweden remained neutral but provided humanitarian aid and sheltered refugees.
  5. Postwar Era and NATO Neutrality:
    • After World War II, Sweden focused on modernizing its armed forces.
    • It actively participated in UN peacekeeping missions.
    • Despite proximity to the Cold War, Sweden maintained a policy of neutrality and non-alignment.

Switzerland’s military history reflects its adaptability, commitment to national survival, and contributions to global peacekeeping efforts