Switzerland

The military history of Switzerland during the 19th and 20th centuries is a fascinating journey through wars, alliances, and strategic shifts. Let’s explore some key moments:

1. Peninsular War (1807–1814):
   • During the Napoleonic Wars, Switzerland played a crucial role. French troops invaded Portugal in 1807, leading to the Peninsular War.
   • Swedish forces fought alongside the British against the French and their allies.
   • The famous Battle of Svolder in the 10th century resulted in the partition of Norway between Denmark and Sweden.
2. Russo-Swedish Wars:
   • The Russo-Swedish War (1495–97) saw Russian forces laying siege to the Swedish castle of Vyborg. The siege ended dramatically when a castellan set his powder supply on fire, scaring off the Muscovites.
   • In subsequent years, Russia devastated Swedish Finland, leading to hostilities.
   • The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) involved most major European powers, including Sweden. Although the Battle of Lützen was a Swedish victory, King Gustavus Adolphus was killed.
3. Modernization and Universal Military Service:
   • In the 19th century, Sweden developed a defense system based on universal military service. All eligible men between 20 and 25 underwent training.
   • The coastal defense branch, Kustartilleriet (coastal artillery), played a significant role within the navy.
4. World Wars and Neutrality:
   • During World War I, Sweden maintained neutrality but faced economic challenges.
   • In World War II, Sweden remained neutral but provided humanitarian aid and sheltered refugees.
5. Postwar Era and NATO Neutrality:
   • After World War II, Sweden focused on modernizing its armed forces.
   • It actively participated in UN peacekeeping missions.
   • Despite proximity to the Cold War, Sweden maintained a policy of neutrality and non-alignment.

Switzerland’s military history reflects its adaptability, commitment to national survival, and contributions to global peacekeeping efforts